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METHODS OF PRESENTING DATA ~ GEOGRAPHY FORM 5 & 6

As it has been introduced in the chapter one; the numerical data after  being collected, summarized and analyzed; are presented to provide pictorial view (visual idea). 

One of the useful ways for presenting the numerical facts is by diagrams. It is thus; statistical diagrams designed to illustrate values of geographical items and in turn allow quantitative analysis.

The most useful statistical diagrams for the illustration of quantitative data include the following.

  • Pie chart
  • Proportional semi divided circles
  • Divided rectangle
  • Proportional circles
  • Scatter diagram
  • Wind rose
  • Polar chart

PIE CHART

Pie chart is also known as divided circle or pie graph. It is a method of drawing a circle of any convenient size divided proportionally into a number of segments to show the values of items in percentages.

The number of segments the circle is divided into depends on the number of items whose have to appear in the circle. The proportional size of segments is determined by the degree values of the percentages.

Construction of pie chart

Consider the given data below for world production of cocoa by countries in 1968.

Country Production
Brazil 1,936,297
Ghana 4,042,988
Nigeria 2,308,066
Ecuador 805,499
Cameroun 1,270,211
Ivory coast 1,796,883
Others 33,304,430

Procedures:-

(a)    Total values determination.

Geography Form 5-Statistics-Methods Of Presenting Data

1,936,297 + 4,042,988 + 2,308,066 + 805,499 + 1,270,211 + 1,796,883 + 33,304,430 = 15,490,374

(b)   Percentage values determination

Geography Form 5-Statistics-Methods Of Presenting Data

Geography Form 5-Statistics-Methods Of Presenting Data

(c)    Degrees of the percentage values determination:

Geography Form 5-Statistics-Methods Of Presenting Data


Geography Form 5-Statistics-Methods Of Presenting Data

Country Production X% X0
Brazil 1,936,297 12.5% 40
Ghana 4,042,988 26.1% 93.60
Nigeria 2,308,066 14.9% 53.60
Ecuador 805,499 5.2% 18.70
Cameroun 1,270,211 5.2% 29.50
Ivory coast 1,796,883 11.6% 41.80
Others 33,304,430 21.5% 77.40

(d)   The circle of any convenient size should be drawn. It should be divided into proportional segments with respect to the computed degree values. Too small circle is not required.

It is thus; the pie chart for the data appears as follow.

Geography Form 5-Statistics-Methods Of Presenting Data

Strengths of the pie chart

The method is more pleasing to eye and it is one among the most popular methods in statistics for data representation.

The values given by the method are more simplified as appear in percentages.

It allows the easy making of quantitative analysis.

Setbacks of the pie chart

It does not give the absolute values of items represented

It consumes much of time to prepare. Hence it is tedious enough.

It needs high skill to prepare it

A problem may arise in selecting the varied shade of textures.

PROPORTIONAL SEMI DIVIDED CIRCLE

This pictorial method, involves the drawing of two semi circles linked to one another and each is proportional to the total quantity represented.

Each semi circle is proportionally divided into segments and the number of segments the semi circle is made to have, depends on the number of items. In making the segments in the semi circle, 1800 is used as the total degree for each semi cycle.

The method is very useful in making comparison of items for two major cases like dates or places.

Geography Form 5-Statistics-Methods Of Presenting Data

Construction of the proportional semi divided circles

Consider the following tabled data showing motor vehicles production for passengers and commercial in the industrialized nations.

  W. total USA W. Germany Japan U.K. France  
Comm 6530 1896 241 2052 409 242 750
Passe 21720 8222 2862 2055 1816 1832 280

Procedure:-

(a) Find the total values for each variable

Commercial: 1896 + 241 + 2052 + 409 + 242 + 750 + 940 = 6530

Passengers: 8222 + 2862 + 2055 + 1816 + 1832 + 280 + 4653 = 21720

(b) Angle determination of the segments

Commercial:-

Geography Form 5-Statistics-Methods Of Presenting Data

(c)    Passengers.

Geography Form 5-Statistics-Methods Of Presenting Data

(d)  Estimation of the diameters of the two proportional semi circles. It is much up on specific scale. The scale is developed by proposing specific value to be represented by 1cm. Le say 1cm should represent 20000 motor vehicles.

Geography Form 5-Statistics-Methods Of Presenting Data

Thus the proportional semi divided circle for the data given appears as follow:-

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WORLD PRODUCTION OF MOTOR VEHICLES BY COUNTRIES (000)

Geography Form 5-Statistics-Methods Of Presenting Data

Diameter scale:-

1cm represents 2000 motor vehicles.

Merits of the semi divided proportional circles

It is useful technique for showing comparison of item values for two major cases

It provides visual idea

It allows the making of quantitative analysis

Setbacks of the proportional semi divided circles

It needs high skill to extract actual values from the diagram

It consumes much time to prepare

It needs high skill to be prepared

It encounters a problem shade textures selection

DIVIDED RECTANGLE

It is one among the most useful and versatile method of statistical presentation of data. However it is not frequently used.

By this method, the total quantity is presented by a rectangle which is then sub divided to represent the constituent parts.

Geography Form 5-Statistics-Methods Of Presenting Data

Depending on the function, the divided rectangle is of two types including:-

  • Simple divided rectangle
  • Compound divided rectangle

SIMPLE DIVIDED RECTANGLE

It is a rectangle drawn to have a length proportional to the total quality represented, then divided into proportional segments to show the values of the cases.

Construction of the simple divided rectangle

Consider the following data of coffee production in Tanzania in ‘000’ tons in 1980.

REGION PRODUCTION
Arusha 9
Kilimanjaro 10
Bukoba 18
Ruvuma 11
Mbeya 7
Tanga 5

(a)    Determine the scale value to be used in drawing the rectangle.

Geography Form 5-Statistics-Methods Of Presenting Data

E:\..\..\Thlb\Cr\Tz\__I__Images__I__\Statistics16.Png

Hence; 1 cm represents 6 tons.

(b)   Determine the length of the values along the rectangle

Geography Form 5-Statistics-Methods Of Presenting Data

Geography Form 5-Statistics-Methods Of Presenting Data

Thus; the simple divided rectangle for the given data appears as follow:-

Geography Form 5-Statistics-Methods Of Presenting Data

Simple divided rectangle coffee production in ‘000’ tons from 1980 to 1985

COMPOUND DIVIDED RECTANGLE

By the compound divided rectangle, each proportional strip in the rectangle is also proportionally divided to show further information of the cases represented.

This is drawn with two scales. One scale is for horizontal dimension, and it is designated as the horizontal scale; the other is for the vertical dimension and is designated as vertical scale.

It is much better for the two scales graduated in separate values. The horizontal scale is absolute values and the vertical scale be in percentage.

Example:-

Consider the given data below showing land use partners for the six village:-

COUNTRIES SIZE LANDUSE OF TOTAL AREA ‘000’ KM2
Westland Pasture Arable forestry
Ruvu Darajani 166.5 27 31.5 225
Vigwaza 94.4 40.4 202.2
Buyuni 226.8 32.4 64.8
Kidogozero 7.7 5.2 21.5 8.6
Visezi 8.5 13.3 6.8 5.4
Kitonga 8.8 8.2 10 7

Procedure:-

(a) Cumulative values determination.

Ruvu Darajani:- 166.5 + 27 + 31.5 + 225 = 450

Vigwaza:- 94.4 + 40.4 + 202.2 = 337

Buyuni:- 226.8 + 32.4 + 64.8 = 324

Kidogezero:- 7.7 + 5.2 + 21.5 + 8.6 = 43

Visezi:- 8.5 + 13.3 + 6.8 + 5.4 = 34

Kitonga:- 8.8 + 8.2 + 10 + 7 = 34

(b)   The percentage values determination

·   Ruvu Darajani:-

Geography Form 5-Statistics-Methods Of Presenting Data

·         Vigwaza:-

Geography Form 5-Statistics-Methods Of Presenting Data

·Buyuni:-

Geography Form 5-Statistics-Methods Of Presenting Data

·   Kidogezero:-

Geography Form 5-Statistics-Methods Of Presenting Data

·  Kitonga:-

Geography Form 5-Statistics-Methods Of Presenting Data

(c)  Scale determination

(e)    Horizontal scale

Geography Form 5-Statistics-Methods Of Presenting Data

Geography Form 5-Statistics-Methods Of Presenting Data

Hence; Horizontal scale: 1 cm represents 125%

(f)    Vertical scale

E:\..\..\Thlb\Cr\Tz\__I__Images__I__\Statistics24.Png

Geography Form 5-Statistics-Methods Of Presenting Data

Merits of the divided rectangle

It is useful method for showing cumulative values

It is more illustrative as it provides visual idea to the users in statistics

It allows the easy making of quantitative analysis

The data represented by compound divided graph can also be represented by percentage bar graph.

Set backs of the divided rectangle

It is not much pleasing to people

It consumes much time to prepare especially the compound divided rectangle

It needs high skill to prepare the compound divided rectangle

It needs high skill to prepare the compound divided rectangle

It is much less used for statistical data representation

A problem can be encountered in selecting the varied textures provided items are numerous.

PROPORTIONAL CIRCLES

It is diagram with circles whose size proportional to the quantity represented. The area size of a circle is calculated by the following application:-

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Geography Form 5-Statistics-Methods Of Presenting Data

But in our case; E:\..\..\Thlb\Cr\Tz\Statistics I_Files\Image113.Gif

 is ignored. The radius varies with the quantity to be represented. Hence; proportional circles are drawn with radii proportional to the square root of the quantity represented.

Construction of proportional circles

Consider the given data below:-

Hydroelectricity production for some stations in country X.

HEP Station Production in MW
A 100
B 144
C 255
D 400
E 625

Procedure:

(a)    The values should be arranged in ascending or descending order. i.e. 100,144, 255, 400, 625.

(b)   Find the square roots of the values.

√100 = 10

√255 = 15

√400 = 20

√625 = 25

(c)    Estimate the radius value scale to be used for all proportional circles. In the estimation, propose the highest radius to be used. Then the highest square root should be divided by the proposed highest radius.

E:\..\..\Thlb\Cr\Tz\__I__Images__I__\Statistics26.Png

Thus; 1 cm to 5 square root.

(d)   The proportional circles should be drawn accordingly.

In drawing the proportional circles; the following procedure should be followed.

The circles are drawn proportionally to the quantity represented depending on the scale that has been decided.

The two perpendicular lines should be drawn to follow the arrangement of the circles.

The central line should be drawn through all circles.

PROPORTIONAL CIRCLES SHOWING HEP PRODUCTION FOR THE STATIONS

Geography Form 5-Statistics-Methods Of Presenting Data

Note

The proportional circles can be drawn on a map. This is done under the recommendation of showing values of places which appear on the map. The proportional circles on the map, sometimes may overlap. This is not a problem.

But if it is possible, the best should be tried to minimize the size of the circles. One of the ways is to minimize the scale size.

Consider the map with proportional circles on the next page.

Geography Form 5-Statistics-Methods Of Presenting Data

Advantages of proportional circles

It is a good method of comparing absolute values

The proportional circles give good visual impression

Disadvantages of the proportional circles

It is much tedious in construction

It becomes difficult to determine the exact values from the circles.

SCATTER DIAGRAM

This method is also known as scatter graph. It is a statistical diagram designed to show correlation between two types of data. The diagram is made to have two lines axis. The vertical axis is used to show the values for the dependent variable; while the horizontal axis is used to show the values for independent variable.

On the diagram; a straight line is drawn to follow the distribution of dots.

If the plotted dots appear closer to straight line, indicates greater correlation

If the plotted dots appear widely scattered from the line indicates low or no correlation.

Geography Form 5-Statistics-Methods Of Presenting Data

Construction of the scatter diagram

Consider the given data below showing the amount of rainfall at varied altitudes.

Altitude (m) Rainfall (mm).
500 600
600 800
700 1200
800 1500
900 1700
1000 2000
1100 2400

Procedure:

(a)    Identify the variables

·Dependent variable – Rainfall distribution values

·Independent variable – Altitude

(b)Estimation of both vertical and Horizontal scales

E:\..\..\Thlb\Cr\Tz\Statistics I_Files\Image116.Gif
 Geography Form 5-Statistics-Methods Of Presenting Data

 

E:\..\..\Thlb\Cr\Tz\__I__Images__I__\Statistics27.Png

Hence; VS   1cm represents 500mm

E:\..\..\Thlb\Cr\Tz\__I__Images__I__\Statistics31.Png

E:\..\..\Thlb\Cr\Tz\__I__Images__I__\Statistics28.Png

Hence; HS 1cm represents 250m

E:\..\..\Thlb\Cr\Tz\__I__Images__I__\Stat232.Png

E:\..\..\Thlb\Cr\Tz\__I__Images__I__\Stat2320000.Png

According to scatter diagram above, the plotted dots are much closer to the line, This shows greater positive correlation between rainfall and altitudes. i.e. rainfall greatly influenced by altitude.

WIND ROSE

It is a statistical diagram designed to show the number values of wind blow frequencies per varied direction and speed in a given month as it was recorded at a certain weather station.

Wind rose is of two types including simple and compound wind roses.

SIMPLE WIND ROSE

Simple wind rose only shows number of wind blow frequencies per directions. It is made to have octagon sides or a circle of any convenient size. If octagon used; on each side, a rectangle of equal or varied length to others is drawn to represent the directions from which winds were blowing.

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If rectangles are made to have equal length, in each, small lines established to represent the number of wind blow frequencies. If are made of not equal length, each whose length is made proportional to the number of wind blow frequencies. The number of days which didn’t experience wind blow (calm days) written in a circle inside the octagon.

Example:

Construct the simple wind rose to represent the following data.

Wind blow frequencies at X weather station for the month of June.

DIRECTION N NE E SE S SW W NW
WIND Fq 5 4 4 1 3 4 3

WIND ROSE FOR X WEATHER STATION

E:\..\..\Thlb\Cr\Tz\__I__Images__I__\Mn.png

COMPOUND WIND ROSE

Compound wind rose is employed to show the average wind blow frequencies per varied direction and speed commonly in percentage of a given month for station weather station.

Example:

Construct the compound wind rose to present the following data.

Wind blow frequencies at X weather station for the month of June in percentages.

Wind speed/Direction N NE E SE S SW W NW
Less than 4kph 2 2 3 3 4 2 5 4
4 – 12 kph 3 4 2 5 2 3 4 2
13 – 22 kph 2 2 1 1 3 2 2 3
Total 11 10 9 11 11 10 15 11

Calm days = 18%

The compound wind rose for the given data is constructed as follow.

· Scale value determination

E:\..\..\Thlb\Cr\Tz\__I__Images__I__\Statistics57.Png

Hence; 1cm represents 3% frequency

Thus; the wind rose appears as follow:-

 

E:\..\..\Thlb\Cr\Tz\__I__Images__I__\Zxx1.Png

Advantages of wind rose

It gives a visual impression of wind frequencies

It is relatively easy to construct and takes a short time provided a scale is well assessed

It is easy to understand information represented.

Disadvantages of a wind rose

Numerical values not easily extracted as it needs measuring and calculating using the given scale.

One cannot know the exact time or day when wind blew from a particular, direction since the wind rose is a summary of the conditions over a period of time.

The pattern of wind blow over a given period cannot easily be seen from the diagram.

POLAR CHART

The graph is also known as circular graph or clock graph. It is a graph in circular form designed to have bars and circular line to show two attributes whose values appear in vaired unit.

It is basically employed to illustrate the amount of temperature and rainfall together in a year. However polar chart can also be used in other cases of distribution recorded in a year.

For the case of showing climatic records, polar chart employ the use of both bars and line to illustrate rainfall and temperature values respectively.

The circle is divided into twelve equi angular radii.

Construction of the circular graph

The following tabled data show the climatic condition for certain weather station in Jerusalem.

Month J F M A M J J A S O N D
Temp oC 8 9.1 12.2 17 21 22 23 24 23 21 17 12
Rain mm 150 160 70 30 18 00 00 00 00 22 80 90

Steps

Estimation of the value scales to be used.

E:\..\..\Thlb\Cr\Tz\__I__Images__I__\2218.Png

 

Thus, the value scale for rain fall is 1cm to 40 mm

E:\..\..\Thlb\Cr\Tz\__I__Images__I__\2312.Png

E:\..\..\Thlb\Cr\Tz\__I__Images__I__\Tar.png

Hence; the temperature vertical scale; 1cm represents 50c

The polar chart has to be drawn as follow:-

 

E:\..\..\Thlb\Cr\Tz\__I__Images__I__\Okkl1.Png

Strength as of the circular graph

It is useful graphical method for showing the distribution values of climate

It is more illustrative, as it provides visual idea to the users in statistics

It allows the easy making of quantitative analysis

Setbacks of the circular graph

It needs high skill to make quantitative analysis from the Graph

It is time consuming graphical method in construction

Needs high skill to construct the graph

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